Thursday, 16 February 2012

                              MUDRA'S FOR HEALTH


by Dipankar Das
Indian classical dancers fold their fingers in various mudras. At Khajuraho, or even in the murals of Ajanta, figurines are almost invariably depicted with fingers in a mudra. It is little known, however, that mudra vigyan is Tatva Yoga—an essential aspect of yoga. And, believes Acharya Keshav Dev, these mudras can help cure many diseases
 
 
In a teeming trans-Yamuna locality of Delhi, India, lies the Vivekanand Yogashram. Its director Acharya Keshav Dev is a lean man in his sixties. His eyes are perpetually half-closed but you can scarcely suspect indolence, rather it seems as if he is seeking something within. He discourses on the mysteries of the universe or holds forth on the virtues of ancient science with evident relish. In awe of nature, he believes man to be its supreme creation.

In a teeming trans-Yamuna locality of Delhi, India, lies the Vivekanand Yogashram. Its director Acharya Keshav Dev is a lean man in his sixties. His eyes are perpetually half-closed but you can scarcely suspect indolence, rather it seems as if he is seeking something within. He discourses on the mysteries of the universe or holds forth on the virtues of ancient science with evident relish. In awe of nature, he believes man to be its supreme creation.

The Acharya has spent years studying the ancient systems of astrology, numerology, music and grammar. He asserts that the sciences of yore got coated with sugar down the years. "The ancients believed there were 24 diagnostic elements, is it a coincidence that the Gayatri mantra has 24 words, the Jains have 24 Tirthankaras, Sanatan Dharma has 24 avatars," he asks.

One of his favorite subjects is the science of mudras. Emphasizing on hasta mudras (hand postures), the Acharya says there is a tremendous flow of energy in our hands and each finger represents one of the five elements—the thumb is agni (fire), the forefinger is vayu (air), the middle finger is akash (ether), the ring finger is prithvi (earth) and the little finger is jal (water).

"The roots of all diseases lie in an imbalance of one of the five elements and can be corrected with medicines, willpower and mudras," he says. The Gayatri mantra also confirms the worth of mudras with a grim qualifier:

Eta mudra na janati Gayatri nishfala bhavat (he who knows not the mudras will not benefit from Gayatri).

The mantra lists 24 mudras, while an unknown number lies in the many forms of yoga. Acharya Keshav Dev has, however, evolved some of his own mudras, which help control, many of the diseases that afflict us today.

"Often you might have been rebuked by your mother for twiddling your fingers or dangling your legs. This is considered inauspicious because it involves a waste of prana or the vital energy within us," he explains. "An excess of wastage can even lead to brain damage; mudra vigyan taps this energy to heal the individual. The science of mudras is one of the finest gifts of yoga to the cause of human welfare," he adds.

Born in 1931, to the president of the local bar council in Meerut, India, Keshav Dev's house was full of religious literature. During the turmoil of Partition, he wandered away from home and began rigorous ascetic practices, living on fruit juices for six months. He discovered the magic of mudras when he had an earache. His guru suggested a mudra that, however, proved ineffective, but it led him to configure his fingers in new ways. One of the shapes, which he later christened Shunya Mudra, cured him completely, and enhanced his aural faculty to such an extent that he seems to have heard his inner voice too and has not ceased trying out new shapes since.

His mission in life now is simply to help as manyas possible by retrieving the lost discoveries of an ancient science. These mudras are for everyone. They can be practiced for half-an-hour daily. It is advisable to sit cross-legged on your bed or on the floor while doing a mudra, but the Acharya assures that it won't be ineffective if you do not follow this posture. You could even go for a stroll, with your hands casually tucked in your pockets, fingers folded in a particular mudra.

Mudras never generate an excess of energy, they simply seek an optimal balancing of prana, much like a thermostat. So next time you are ailing, remember it may just be an instance of maladjusted prana and an innocuous sleight of hand could be the cure.

mudras,yoga,fingers GYAN MUDRA

The thumb and the index finger are brought together in gentle contact, not pressing hard, while all other fingers are kept upright. This is the mudra most people are familiar with.

Great thinkers such as Buddha, Mahavir, Christ and Guru Nanak are generally depicted in this pose. Its practice ensures mental peace, concentration, sharp memory and spiritual feelings.

It cures insomnia and mental disorders, and dissipates tension, depression and drowsiness. This is a must for those who aspire to develop telepathy or wish to acquire extrasensory abilities.

mudras,yoga,fingers APAN VAYU MUDRA

(Also known as Mritsanjeevini Mudra)

Fold the forefinger down and touch the mound of the thumb. The little finger should be held erect.

It regulates complications of the heart. In a severe heart attack, if administered as a first aid measure within the first two seconds, it provides instant relief.

mudras,yoga,fingers PRAN MUDRA

Touch the points of the little finger and the ring finger to the tip of the thumb lightly.

This is a life-giving mudra, it energizes the body and improves its vitality.

It helps to improve eyesight. A must for those who feel nervous, tired and weak.

mudras,yoga,fingers
SURABHI MUDRA

Join the little finger of one hand with the ring finger of the other and vice versa. Similarly, join the forefinger with the middle finger of the other hand and vice versa. Leave the thumbs free.
mudras,yoga,fingers This controls rheumatic inflammation and sharpens your intellect.

APAN MUDRA

Join the middle finger and the ring finger with the tip of the thumb; the forefinger and the little finger should be held upright.

Provides relief in urinary problems and eases difficulty in labor and delivery. It facilitates the discharge of waste matter from the body and purifies the system.

mudras,yoga,fingersLINGA MUDRA

Join both the palms and lock the facing fingers together, keeping one thumb upright. The upright thumb must be encircled by the other thumb and the index finger.

Makes the body resistant to colds, coughs and chest infections by generating heat in the body, and destroying accumulated phlegm in the chest.

It helps in weight reduction too, but has to be practiced with restraint.

The intake of at least eight glasses of water, and butter and ghee (clarified butter) as cooling agents in sufficient quantities is a must.

mudras,yoga,fingersDue to the heat it generates, it may not be possible to practice this mudra with as much ease and flexibility as the other mudras. It might prove taxing and result in a feeling of lethargy.

SHUNYA MUDRA

Bring the middle finger down to touch the palm and bring the padding of the thumb on top of it, keeping the other fingers straight up.

Do this for 40 minutes a day.

mudras,yoga,fingersThis mudra is ideal for ailments of the ear, and also helps those of the nose and the throat.

Even five minutes of this mudra will help an earache.

VARUNA MUDRA

A bit like the Gyan Mudra.

Touch the tip of the little finger with the tip of the thumb while the other fingers are kept upright.

Regular practice ensures an optimum level of water in the body and heals all ailments connected with dehydration.

Sunday, 15 January 2012


  HOW TO EDIT PDF FILES WITHOUT ADOBE ACROBAT


The PDF file format was originally created by Adobe in the early ’90s and there are now over 700+ million PDF documents on the Internet according to Google (search for filetype:pdf).
There are several reasons why the PDF file format is so popular for exchanging all sorts of documents including presentations, CAD Drawings, invoices and even legal forms.
  • PDF files are generally more compact (smaller in size) than the source document and they preserve the original formatting.
  • Unlike Word and other popular document formats, the content of a PDF file cannot be modified easily. You can also prevent other users from printing or copying text from PDF documents.
  • You can open a PDF file on any computer or mobile device with free software like Adobe Acrobat Reader. Google Chrome can read PDFs without requiring plugins and it can create PDFs.

Edit PDF Files using Free Alternatives to Adobe Acrobat

While PDF Files are “read only” by default, there are ways by which you can edit certain elements* of a PDF document for free without requiring the source files or any of the commercial PDF editing tools like Adobe Acrobat.
We will primarily focus on tools that let you alter the actual contents of a PDF file>. If you are looking to manipulate the PDF file structure itself like rearranging pages or merging multiple PDFs into one, please refer to this detailed Adobe PDF Guide.

An Online PDF Editor for Basic Tasks

Sometimes you need to make minor changes to a PDF file. For instance, you may want to hide your personal phone number from a PDF file before uploading it online or may want to annotate a page with notes and freehand drawings.
You can perform such edits in a PDF easily with PDFEscape.com, an online PDF editor that is free and also lets you edit password-protected PDF documents in the browser.
With PDF Escape, you can hide* parts of a PDF file using the whiteout tool or add annotations with the help of custom shapes, arrows, text boxes and sticky notes. You can add hyperlinks to other PDF pages / web documents.
[*] Hiding is different from redaction because here we aren’t changing the associated metadata of a PDF file but just hiding certain visible parts of a PDF file by pasting an opaque rectangle over that region so that the stuff beneath the rectangle stays invisible.

Change Metadata of PDF Files

If you would like to edit the meta-data associated* with a PDF document, check out Becy PDFMetaEdit. This is a free utility that can help you edit properties of a PDF document including the title, author name, creation data, keywords, etc.
The tool can also be used for removing PDF passwords as well as for encrypting PDF documents such that only users who know the password can read the contents of your PDF files. And since this PDF metadata plus bookmarks editor can be executed from the command line, you can use it to update information in multiple PDF files in a batch.
[*] If you planning to post your PDF files on the web, you should consider adding proper metadata to all the files as that will help improve the organic rankings of your PDF files in Google search results.

Edit the Text of a PDF File

If you want to edit the text in a PDF file but don’t have access to the source documents, your best bet is that you convert the PDF file into an editable Word document or an Excel spreadsheet depending on the contents of the PDF.
Then edit these converted PDFs in Microsoft Office (or Google Docs) and export the modified files back into PDF format using any PDF writer.
If your PDF document is mostly text, you may use the desktop version of Stanza to convert that PDF into a Word document. If the document includes images, charts, tables and other complex formatting, try the online PDF to Word converter from BCL Research or the one from NitroPDF – the former offers instant conversion while the latter service can take up to a day though its yields more accurate results.

Advanced PDF Editing (Images, text, etc.)

Now that you know the basic PDF editing tools, let’s look at another set of PDF editors that are also free but can help you do some more advanced editing like replacing images on a PDF file, adding signatures, removing blocks of text without breaking the flow of the document, etc.
First there’s PDF XChange, a free PDF viewer and editor that you also may use for typing text directly on any PDF page. PDF XChange also supports image stamps so you may use the tool for signing PDF files or for inserting images anywhere on a PDF page.
Then you have Inkscape, a free vector drawing tool (like Adobe Illustrator) that can natively import and export PDF content.

Video: How to Edit PDF Files with Inkscape

httpv://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuLcIn0aqJk
With Inkscape, you can select any object on a PDF page (including text, graphics, tables, etc.) and move them to a different location or even remove them permanently from the PDF file. You can also annotate PDF files with Inkscape or draw freehand on a page using the built-in pencil tool.
The next tool in the category of advanced PDF editors is OpenOffice Draw with the PDFImport extension. OpenOffice Draw supports inline editing so you can easily fix typos in a PDF document or make formatting related changes like replacing color, increasing or decreasing the text size, replacing the default font-family, etc.
Like Inkscape, the OpenOffice toolbox also includes support for annotations, shapes, images, tables, charts, etc. but here you have more choices and the software also looks less complex.

The OpenOffice suite is a little bulky (they don’t provide a standalone installer for Draw) but if you have the bandwidth, OpenOffice is the best tool for manipulating PDF documents when you don’t have the budget for Adobe Acrobat.

Saturday, 7 January 2012


  USEFUL BLOG ADD-ON'S AND TOOLS TO IMPROVE VISITOR'S EXPERIENCE


Here’s a collection of most useful blog add-ons or extras that can be easily integrated with any website and will help in enhancing your visitors’ experience.
All these 15 add-ons are free and you don’t have to be a geek to use them on your site.
1. Google Talk Badge – This badge will enable site visitors to get in touch with you quickly. They won’t need a Google account and the badge is enabled only when you are online. Alternative is meebo me.
2. Web2PDF Online – Love this. People can download your articles as PDF files with a click. The PDFs are free of any advertising and you also get full access to stats so you know what articles downloaded most, etc. (example)
3. Zoho Creator – If you ever need to create web forms for your blog, use Zoho Creator. It lets you customize the form layouts, there are no data limits and best of all, readers can upload file attachments while submitting the form.
4. HP Blog Printing – This makes your blog printer friendly. Visitors can pick blog posts that they want to print and only the text + images get printed. Everything else including banners, sidebars, etc. are cut off from the printed version.
5. Outbrain Ratings – The is the best way to add ratings to your blog posts. Outbrain offers two extra advantages as well – your readers can find more stories related to the one they are currently reading and two, they can rate stories even from feed readers.
6. ShareThis or AddThis – They help reduce clutter on your blog by neatly arranging icons in a CSS drop-down that appears only on mouse hover. Both are similar though I prefer AddThis as it is loads faster and allows branding.
7. Google Feed Wizard – This is useful if you have to embed RSS feeds in your blog – you can create blocks in either horizontal or vertical format. If your need options other than AJAX, try these RSS widgets or the static Google Gadgets.
8. Skribit – This is again a great tool to get feedback and opinions from your site visitors.
For instance, you can put up a question like "What should I write about" or "How Can I improve" in the sidebar and readers can add opinions anonymously.  They can even vote on suggestions left by other visitors. See example.
9. who.amung.us – This helps you and your readers know how many people are currently on the site and what pages are they reading.  No sign-up required and amung.us will even tell you the exact location of different visitors on a map.
10. Eco Safe Badge – This badge allows website visitors to send a full copy of your web page to any email address in HTML or PDF format. Alternatively, they can download a PDF version of the page in a click. The whole idea is to discourage visitors from printing web pages.
11. Meebo Rooms – This allows visitors on your website to interact with each other inside a chat room. Other options worth exploring include Google Lively but again, Lively requires installation at the client’s end.
12. Scribd iPaper – If you frequently link to PDF files and Microsoft Office documents like doc or xls, the Scribd iPaper add-on will make sure that your content remains accessible even to readers who don’t have Microsoft Office or Adobe Reader.
You simply copy-and-paste a small block of code into your webpage, and QuickSwitch converts all the documents in your blog into Flash Paper format hosted on Scribd. If you only link to PDF files, try PDFMeNote script.
13. Yahoo! Media Player – If you have an audio blog or frequently link to MP3 files, integrate the Yahoo! media players in your blog template – this auto-detects any MP3 links and creates an embedded player so you are saved from all the hard work.
14. Translate Gadget – This lets your non-English speaking visitors translate articles from your website in their native language using Google Translation.
Alternatively, you can create your own translation box with language flags or through a different translation service.
15. Digg Your Blog – A good Digg widget that doesn’t get much attention.
Unlike the regular "Digg This" buttons, this widget creates a list of posts from your own blog that are currently getting votes on Digg. Put it in your sidebar to highlight "recently popular" content.

Monday, 2 January 2012


       5 COOL CLOUD COMPUTING                    RESEARCH PROJECTS


*Nebulas
Researchers from the University of Minnesota have outlined a way to use "distributed voluntary resources -- those donated by end-user hosts -- to form nebulas" that would potentially complement today's managed clouds from companies such as Amazon, IBM and Google. Nebulas could address the needs of service classes that more traditional clouds could not, providing more scalability, more geographical dispersion of nodes and lower cost, the researchers say. Possible users would include those rolling out experimental cloud services and those looking to offer free public services or applications.
Unlike famed volunteer-based computing resources such as SETI@home (now BOINC), nebulas would need to support more complex tasks. Challenges needing to be addressed would include managing highly distributed data and computational resources and coping with failures. "We believe that nebulas can exist as complementary infrastructures to clouds, and can even serve as a transition pathway for many services that would eventually be hosted on clouds," the researchers write in a paper titled "Nebulas: Using Distributed Voluntary Resources to Build Clouds."
(University of Minnesota researchers have a separate project dubbed "Virtual Putty" that sounds intriguing as well. It focuses on the reshaping of virtual machine footprints to satisfy user needs and ease VM management for resource providers.)
* CloudViews
Amidst the hype surrounding cloud computing, security issues are often raised, such as those involved with multiple customers having their data and applications sharing the same cloud resources. But researchers at the University of Washington also see lots of opportunity in the fact that Web services and applications will be so closely situated. CloudViews is a Hadoop HBase-supported common storage system being developed by the researchers "to facilitate collaboration through protected inter-service data sharing." The researchers say in a paper called "CloudViews: Communal Data Sharing in Public Clouds" that public cloud providers must facilitate such collaboration -- in the form of data driven, server side mashups -- to ensure the market's growth through development of new Web services.
* Trusted Cloud Computing Platform
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems have outlined a Trusted Cloud Computing Platform that "enables Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers such as Amazon EC2 to provide a closed box execution environment that guarantees confidential execution of guest virtual machines." Such a platform would assure customers that service providers haven't been messing with their data and would enable service providers to secure data even across many VMs. The researchers, in a paper titled "Towards Trusted Cloud Computing," acknowledge that details of how cloud providers set up their data centers is held pretty close to the vest, but base their system on an open source offering called Eucalyptus that they suspect is similar to at least some commercial implementations. A prototype based on the design is this research team's next step.

* Private Virtual Infrastructure (PVI) and Locator Bot
Also addressing the security and confidentiality issues surrounding cloud computing is University of Maryland, Baltimore County researcher John Krautheim. His proposal is aimed at better sharing the risk responsibility between the cloud provider and customer, giving the customer much more control than is typically the case. "A method of combining the requirements of the user and provider is to let the clients control the security posture of their applications and virtual machines while letting the service provider control the security of the fabric. This provides a symbiotic security stance that can be very powerful provided both parties hold up their end of the agreement," Krautheim writes. He adds that this setup calls for big-time trust on both sides (including support for a virtualized Trusted Platform Module, or TPM, for storing cryptographic keys), since they'll need to share security information between themselves and possibly with others. Components of this approach will include having a method for shutting down VMs if necessary and monitoring/auditing from within and outside the PVI, Krautheim writes in a paper titled "Private Virtual Infrastructure for Cloud Computing."
* Trading storage for computation
One way to make cloud computing more efficient and cost effective might involve rethinking the way data is stored. Researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NetApp and Pergamum Systems are looking at the trade-offs between storing data, including data that might not be called on that often, and simply recalculating results as needed. In a paper titled "Maximizing Efficiency By Trading Storage for Computation" the researchers write: "Recomputation as a replacement for storage fits well into the holistic model of computing described by the cloud architecture. With its dynamically scalable, and virtualized architecture, cloud computing aims to abstract away the details of underlying infrastructure. In both public and private clouds, the user is encouraged to think in terms of services, not structure."
Determining the best way to store and retrieve data requires a cost-benefits analysis based on insights from both the cloud operator and the data user because "neither has a completely informed view," the researchers write. They argue that the nature of cloud computing, with its dynamically allocated computing resources, could lend itself to storing information about the whereabouts and origins of data and then just recomputing results as needed. But they acknowledge that this sort of system would require forecasting where prices would be headed and figuring out things such as the cost of not being able to immediately access data.

Monday, 26 December 2011

                      BSNL JTO EXAM TEST PAPER


                                        Test Paper 
1. 1. Reactive current through the inductive load produces-a) Magnetic field b) Electric field c)
Super magnetic field d) None
2. 2. When a piece of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room temperature to
800 K then the resistance of a) each of them increases b) each of them decreases c) copper increases
and germanium decreases d) copper decreases and germanium increases
3. 3. A capacitance transducer has two plates of area 5 cm2 each separated by an air gap of
2mm. Displacement sensitivity in pF /cm due to gap change would be a) 11.1 b) 44.2 c) 52.3 d) 66.3
4. 4. The critical angle in degrees, for an electromagnetic wave passing from Quartz (m = m0,
Î=4Îo) into air is-a) 15 b)30 c)45 d)90
5. 5. When an RC driving point impedance function has zeros at s= -2 and s=-5 then the
admissible poles for the function would be – a) s = 0; s = -6 b) s = -1; s = -3 c) s = 0; s = -1 d) s = -3;
s = -4
6. 6. A capacitor used for power factor correction in single- phase circuit decreases – a) the power
factor b) the line current c) Both the line current and the power factor d) the line current and
increases power factor
7. 7. The unit of inductance is – a) ohm b) inductive reactance c) inducta d) Henry
8. 8. Which type of by-pass capacitor works best at high frequencies – a) electrolytic b) mica c)
ceramic d) plexiglass
9. 9. The usual value of the surge impedance of a telephone line is – a) 600 W b) 500 W c) 75
W d) none
10. 10. Telemetering is a method of – a) counting pulses, sent over long distances b) transmitting
pictures from one place to another c) transmitting information concerning a process over a distance
d) None
11. 11. In an unbiased P-N junction thickness of depletion layer is of the order of – a) 0.005 mm
b) 0.5 mm c) 5 mm d) 10-10 m
12. 12. One of the semiconductor device, which behaves like two SCRs is– a) UJT b) triac c)
JFET d) MOSFET
13. 13. The following, which is not an advantage of semiconductor strain gauges as compared to
conventional strain gauges, is – a) excellent hysterists characteristics b) least sensitive to temperature
changes c) high fatigue life d) smaller size
14. The fundamental ripple frequency of a half wave 3F rectifier with a 3F supply of
frequency 50 Hz is –
a)150 Hz b) 50 Hz c) 100 Hz d) 250 Hz.
14. 15. For an FR biased PNP transistor –
a) base is negative with respect to emitter
b) collector is positive with respect to emitter
c) collector is a little more positive than base
d) base is a little less positive with respect to emitter than collector
15. 16. With normal operation of a JFET one can get IDss –
a) the maximum drain current
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b) the minimum drain current
c) normal drain current
d) none
16. 17. An SCR is a semiconductor device made up of –
a) Four N type layers
b) Two P types and three N type layers
c) Two P type and two N type layers
d) Three P type and one N type layers
17. 18. For a UJT, if R1 = resistance from emitter to base 1, R2 = resistance from emitter to
the base 2 and RBB = R1 + R2 then the intrinsic stand off ratio (h) is –
a)
b)
c)
d)
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here..
18. 19. As the drain voltage is increased for a junction FET in the pinch off region then the drain
current –
a) becomes zero
b) abruptly decreases
c) abruptly increases
d) remains constant
19. 20. When the energy gap of a semiconductor is 1.1eV then it would be –
a) opaque to the visible light
b) transparent to the visible light
c) transparent to the infrared radiation
d) opaque to the infrared radiation
20. 21. The equivalent capacitance across ab will be –
d) 0
21. 22. In the following fig. the power dissipated is maximum when the value of Rx is – a) 33.4
K b) 17.6 K c) 10 K d) 5 K
22. 23. The transfer function of a low pass RC network is –
23. 24. The total capacitance across points 'a' and 'b' in the given figure is – a) 1.66 mF b) 2.66
mF c) 3.5 mF d) 4.5 mF
24. 25. .The load resistance needed to extract maximum power from the following circuit is – a)
2W b) 9W c) 6W d) 18W
25. 26. Which one of the following conditions for z parameters would hold for a two port
network containing linear bilateral passive circuit elements – a) z11 = z22 b) z12z21 = z11z22 c)
z11z12 = z22z21 d) z12 = z21
26. 27. In the network shown, the switch is opened at t = 0. Prior to that, the network was in the
steady state, Vs(t) at t = 0 is – a) 0 b) 5V c) 10V d) 15V
27. 28. Which of the following statements are correct –
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1. 1. Tellegen's theorem is applicable to any lumped network
2. 2. The reciprocity theorem is applicable to linear bilateral networks.
3. 3. Thevenin's theorem is applicable to two terminal linear active networks.
4. 4. Norton's theorem is applicable to two terminal linear active networks. a) 1, 2 and 3 b) 1, 2,
3 and 4 c) 1, 2 and 4 d) 3 and 4
29. Which one of the following transfer functions represents the critically damped system
?
2. 30. When the respective coil impedance of the circuit shown in the fig. is are Z1 = (5 + j8)W
and Z2=(3+j8) then the input impedance of the circuit will be – a) (8 + 16j)W b) (2 + j0)W c) (15 +
64j)W d) (8 + 0j)W
3. 31. One of the following statement which is not correct a) In case of an antenna, the radiation
resistance and loss resistance are not two different quantities. b) The loss resistance includes loss by
eddy currents, improper earth connections, insulation leakages etc) but not I2R losses c) Radiation
resistance varies directly as square root of the frequency d) None of the above
4. 32. Ultraviolet radiation emitted when electron jumps from an outer stationary orbit to -. a)
first stationary orbit b) second stationary orbit c) third stationary orbit d) fourth stationary orbit
5. 33. When the signal is propogated in a waveguide which has a full wave of electric intensity
change between the two farther walls and no component of the electric field in the direction of
propogation then the mode is – a) TE11 b) TE10 c) TM22 d) TE20
6. 34. Consider the following statements pertaining to parabolic antenna -1.It is commonly used
above 1GHz
1. 2. It get’s circularly polarized
2. 3. It’s radiation pattern is highly directional
3. 4. It’s radiation pattern is cardiodof these statements-a) 1,2 and 4 are correct b) 1 and 3 are
correct c) 1,2 and 3 are correct d) 2 and 4 are correct BSNL Recruit ment Exam latest paper last years
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1. 35. When a vertical dipole antenna is used in conjunction with a loop antenna for direction
finding, then the field pattern obtained will be
2. 36. When one end of a loss less transmission line of length 3/8 l and characteristic impedance
R0 is short circuited and the other end is terminated in Ro then the impedance
at l/8 away from the end terminated in R0 isa)
Zero
b) R0
c) R0/2
d) Infinite
3. 37. For transmission of wave from a dielectric permittivity Î1 into dielectric medium of lower
permittivity Î2 (Î1 > Î2) the critical angle of incidence Qc ( relative to the interface
) is given by
4. 38. A transmission line has primary constants R, L, G and C and secondary constants Z0
and g (= a + jb) if the line is loss less then .
5. 39. The intrinsic impedance of a free space is
6. 40. One of the following which is a low gain but omni directional antenna isa)
discone
b) log-periodic
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c) loop
d) helical
7. 41. Electronic voltmeters have –
a) high input impedance
b) low input impedance
c) zero input impedance
d) none
8. 42. Which of the following statement about impulse voltage is true ?a) An impulse voltage is
an unidirectional voltage.
b) In chopped impulse voltage, flashover does not occur.
c) Time taken to rise is exactly equal to the time taken to fall.
d) RMS value of impulse voltage is always less than 50% of average value.
9. 43. The precision of an instrument indicates its ability to reproduce a certain reading with
a given –
a) drift
b) resolution
c) shift.
d) consistency
.44. In heterodyne digital conductor, the input signal is heterodyned to a –
a) higher frequency
.b) lower frequency c) both a and b) d) none
10. 45. In a digital measuring device, if the input electrical signal is in the frequency range dc
to fmax Hz, then it must be sampled at a rate of –
a) fmax times/sec
b) fmax times/ses
c) every 2fmax/sec
d) 2 fmax times/sec .
11. 46. Moving Iron intruments measures the rms value of –
a) a direct quantity
b) an alternating quantity
c) a virtual quantity.
d) none.
12. 47. One of the following intruments which is used almost exclusively to measure radio
frequency current isa)
Moving coil meter
b) Rectifier-type moving coil meter
c) Iron-vane meter
d) Thermocouple meter.
13. 48. A good ohmic contact on a p- type semiconductor chip is formed by introducing –
a) gold as an impurity below the contact
b) a high concentration of donors below the contract
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c) a high concentration of acceptors below the contact
d) a thin insulator layer between the metal and semiconductor.
14. 49. The use of thermocouple meters for ac measurement leads to a meterscale which is –
a) linear
b) square law
c) logarithmic
d) exponential
15. 50. If low pressure of the order of 10-6mm of Hg is to be measure then the instrument of
choice would bea) compound pressure gauge
b) thermocouple vacuum gauge
c) pirani gauge
d) ionization type vacuum gauge
.51.
In the given circuit if the power dissipated in the 6W resister is zero then V is –
.a) b) c) d)
16. 52. The equivalent circuit of a resistor is shown in the given figure. The resistor will be non
inductive if –
a)
b)
c)
d)
17. 53. SCR turns OFF from conducting state to blocking state on –
a) reducing gate current
b) reversing gate voltage
c) reducing anode current below holding current value
d) applying ac to the gate
18. 54. Static V-I characteristics of an SCR with different gate drives applied to the gate are
indicated bya)
I92 > I 91 > I 90
b) V92 > V91 > V90
c) P92 > P91 > P90
d) either a or b
19. 55. Each diode of a 3 phase, 6-pulse bridge diode rectifier conducts fora) 60o
b) 1200
c) 1800
d) 900
20. 56. A load, consisting of R = 10W and wL = 10W is being fed from 230 V, 50 Hz source
through a 1 phase voltage controller. For a firing angle delay of 300 , the rms value of
load current would bea) 23 A
21. 57. The total number of SCRs conducting simultaneously in a 3 phase full converter with
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overlap considered has the sequence ofa)
3,3, 22
b) 3, 3, 3, 2
c) 3, 2, 3, 2
d) 2, 2, 2, 3
.58. A single phase voltage controller, using two SCRs in antiparallel is found to be
operating as a controlled rectifier. This is because
a) load is R and pulse gating is used
b) load is R and high frquendy carrier gating is used
.c) load is RL and pulse gating is used d) load is RL and continuous gating is used
22. 59. The inverse Fourier Transform of
23. 60. In a GTO anode current begins to fall when gate currenta)
is negative peak at time t = 0
b) is negative peak at t = shortage period ts
c) just begins to become negative at t = 0
d) is negative peak at t = (ts + fall time)
24. 61. Power amplifiers and Audio usea) Ferrite core
b) Air core
c) Solid iron core
d) Laminated iron core
25. 62. The amplifiers which are inserted at intervals amplify the signal and compensate for
transmission less on the cable are calleda)
Line amplifiers
b) Equalizing amplifiers
c) Rep eaters
d) Compandors
26. 63. A solid state device named TRIAC acts as a ----- switch
a) 3 terminal unidirectional
b) 2 terminal unidirectional
c) 3 terminal bi-directional
d) 2 terminal bi-directional
27. 64. Identify the fastest logic circuit when speed of operation is concerneda)
TTL
b) RTL
c) DTL
d) ATL
28. 65. An amplifier CE is characterized bya)
Low voltage gain
b) Moderate power gain
c) Very high output impedance
d) Signal phase reversal
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29. 66. The standard symbol for EX-OR gate is –
a) b)
c) d)
30. 67. Boolean algebra is based on –
a) numbers
b) logic
c) truth
d) symbols
31. 68. Magnetic amplifiers are used for –
a) voltage amplification
b) power amplification
c) current amplification
d) frequency amplification
32. 69. Number of resistors required for an N bit D/A converter in R-2R ladder D/A
converter isa)
4N
b) 1N
c) 3N
d) 2N
33. 70. 'Not allowed' condition in NAND gate SR flip flop is –
a) s = 0, R = 0
b) s = 1, R = 1
c) s = 0, R = 1
d) s = 1, R = 0
34. 71. . In a PID controlles the transfer function G(s) is
35. 72. A time invariant linear stable system is forced with an input x(t) = A sin wt under steady
state conditions, the output Y(t) of the system will be –
a) A sin (wt + f), where f = tan-1G(jw)
b) A G (jw) A sin [wt + G(jw)]
c) G (jw) A sin [2 wt + G (jw)]
d) G (jw) A sin [wt + G (jw)]
x(t)-------G(s)---------y(t)
36. 73. Mark the wrong statement for two phase servo motor –
a) The rotor diameter is small
b) The rotor resistance is low
c) The applied voltages are seldom balanced
d) The torque speed characterstic are linear.
.74. The gain phase plot of open loop transfer function of four different systems labelled A, B, C,
and D
are shown in the figure. The correct sequence of the increasing order of stability of the
.four systems will bea) A, B, C, D b) D, C, B, A c) B, A, D, C, d) B, C, D, A
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37. 75. A unity feedback system has G(S) = . In the loot locus, the break away point occurs
between a) S = 0 and –1 b) S = -1 and ¥ c) S = -1 and –2 d) S =-2 and – ¥ BSNL Recruitment
Question Paper free - previous years 2005 2006 2007 2008 download here. JTO Placement paper for
BSNL .
38. 76. Twice in a year a few minute disturbance occurs in space communication during
sun-blinding when --- are in line a) Sun and satellite b) Sun and earth station c) Satellite and earth
station d) Sun, satellite and earth station
39. 77. The traffic handling capacity of an Earth station on the up link depends on-a) It’s EIRP b)
Satellite antenna gain c) Noise associated with the satellite d) All of the above
40. 78. A supergroup pilot is – a) applied at each multiplexing bay b) used to regulate the gain of
individual repeaters c) applied at each adjustable equalizer d) fed in at a GTE
41. 79. If the antenna diameter in a radar system is increased by a factor of 4, the maximum
range will be increased by a factor of a) Ö2 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8
.80. In the given circuit the capacitor C is almost shorted for the frequency range of interest of the
input signal . Under this condition the voltage gain of the amplifier will behfe = 100 hie = 1K – a)
0.33 b) 0.5 c) 0.66
.d) 1
42. 81. Microwave frequency bond isa)
30 MHz –300 MHz
b) 300 MHz –3 GHz
c) 300 MHz –10 GHz
d) 300 MHz – 30 GHz
43. 82. Directional couplers are designed asa) coupler of two-wave guide
b) measuring instrument to measure power of signal through wave-guide
c) director to the signal flow
d) None of the above
44. 83. Gyrator has a a) Phase difference of 1800 for transmission from port 1 to port 2 & no
phase shift for
transmission from port 2 to port 1
b) Phase difference of 1800 for transmission from port 1 to port 2 & no phase shift for
transmission from port 1 to port 2
c)1800 phase difference for transmission from either port
d) 00 Phase difference for transmission from either port
45. 84. In klyrtron tube for getting oscillationsa)
electron beam travels & RF field remains stationary
b) both electron beam & RF field travels in same direction
c) both electron & RF field remains stationary
d) RF field travels & electron beam remains stationary
46. 85. The most noisy among below is –
a) IMPATT diode
b) Klyrtron
c) GUNN diode
d) TWT amplifier
47. 86. The GUNN mode of gunn effect oscillator is also called as –
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a) Domain mode
b) Delayed domain mode
c) Quenched domain mode
d) LSA mode
48. 87. The total noise voltage across series ckt is –
a)
b)
c)
d)
49. 88. The vertical height of F1 layer in ionospheric layer is –
a) 180 km
b) 70 km
c) 110 km
d) 400 km
50. 89. 8085 mP contains instruction in instruction seta) 64
b) 74
c) 246
d) 256
51. 90. If the clock freq. is 5 MHz how much time is required to execute on instruction 18 Tstatesa)
3.6 m sec)
b) 36 m sec)
c) 36 m sec)
d) 36 sec)
52. 91. In 8085 mP a word is equal toa)
8 bit
b) 16 bit
c) 32 bit
d) 64 bit
53. 92. The instruction used to set continuous loopsa)
JC
b) JMP
c) JP
d) JPE
54. 93. What happen when RET instruction executed a) data retrieved from stock to register
b) data from register saved on the stock
c) 16 bit address of instruction saved on stock.
d)16 bit address from stock retrieved
55. 94. DMA is a processa)
Interrupt data transfer.
b) high speed data transfer under control of microprocessor
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c) high speed data transfer under control of DMA controller.
d) Interrupt data read
.95. No. of boolean function can be generated from 3 variablesa)
4
b) 8
.c) 16 d) 256
56. 96. The data storage in dynamic RAM is cell of-a) capacitance b) transistor c) flip flop d)
transistor acting as capacitor
57. 97. What is 9’s complement of 23a) 76 b) 77 c) 78 d) 79
58. 98. An array is collection of a) different data type scattered throughout memory b) same data
type scattered throughout memory c) same data type placed next to each other in memory d) different
data type placed next to each other in memory
59. 99. While reading from the memory location for active high i/p pins-a) Read and chip select
i/p must be at logical 0 level b) Read at 0 and chip select at logical 1 level c) Read at 1 and chip
select at logical 0 level d) Read and chip select i/p must be at logical 1 level BSNL JTO Recruitment
/ Placement Question Paper previous years 2007 2008 free download online here. solutions coming
soon.. 100. When all i/p bits of AND gate are zero then o/p will bea) 0 b) 1 c) un-defined d) none
101. The fan out comparison between TTL logic and DRL logic is a) Both logic having higher fan
out b) TTL logic having higher fan out than DRL logic c) TTL logic having lower fan out than DRL
logic d) Both logic having lower fan out
102. I was asked to perform the task of numbering points we had scored – a) sad b) said c) tallow d)
strenous 103. The taste is rancid as the rank is – a) odour b) look c) smell d) sound 104. Troupe is a
group of performers in a – a) play b) circus c) cinema d) orchestra 105. Complete the sentence with
correct alternative He is --- well today-a) no b) none c) not d) nought 106. Fritter is – a) sour b) chafe
c) dissipate d) cancel
107. The sun rays falls vertically on-a) Tropics b) Doldrums c) Poles d) Equator
108. In India ‘Lotus’ award is given in the field of-a) Literature b) Films c) Sports d) Social Service
109. The Chauri-Chaura incident is related to a) A major offensive by underground revolutionaries b)
Large scale looting of government property by congress worker c) Massive police firing on unarmed
satyagrahis d) the burning of a police post by a mob
110. Dadamuni Ashok Kumar deceased on-a) 10 December 2001 b) 20 December 2001 c) 10
January 2001 d) 20 January 2001
111. The first batsman in Test history to aggregate 350 plus runs in a Test Match isa) Sanath Jaisurya
b) Brian Lara c) Sachin Tendulkar d) Steve Waugh
112. Antibiotics which are effective against more than one type of bacteria are known asa) Surya
drugs b) Multibiotics c) Broad-spectrum d) Anti metabodies
113. The books Sushrut Sanhita and Charak S anhita are related to-a) Hindu rituals b) Interpretation
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of Puranas c) Interpretation of Vedas d) Ayurvedic system of medicine
114. An enzyme is a protein that a) Is used by the
body as a food b) Acts as an organic catalyst c)
Forms the hair and nails of the body d) Make up
the membranes of the cells
115. Atal Behari Vajpayee was Prime Minister for 13 days ina) May 1996 b) June 1997 c) September
1996 d) July 2000
116. RBI lowers the deposit rates ceiling for non banking finance companies from 14 percent to –
percent per annum-a) 12.5 b) 11.5 c) 10.5 d) 9.5
117. Booker prize is won in the field of a) Science b) Medicine c) Fiction writing d) Adventure
118. Leprosy is caused by-a) Bacterium b) Virus c) Protozoa d) Helminthes
119. . Zojila is a pass between-a) Kashmir valley and Ladakh b) Lahaul valley and Spiti c) Chumbi
valley and Sikkim d) Aurnachal Pradesh and Tibet
120. Deforestation results in
1. 1. Flora destruction
2. 2. Fauna destruction
3. 3. Ecological misbalancea) 1, 2 and 3 b) 1 and 3 c) 1 and 2 d) 2 and 3